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Related Concept Videos

Phenotypic Profiling of Human Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons09:21

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This protocol describes the cell culturing of human midbrain dopaminergic neurons, followed by immunological staining and the generation of neuronal phenotypic profiles from acquired microscopic high-content images allowing the identification of phenotypic variations due to genetic or chemical...
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In Parkinson's Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using...
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Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various...
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Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
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Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

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Ventilation-perfusion inequality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

P D Wagner, D R Dantzker, R Dueck

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |February 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reveals three distinct patterns of ventilation-perfusion inequality in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), explaining hypoxemia without evidence of diffusion impairment.

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    Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
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    Area of Science:

    • Pulmonary Physiology
    • Respiratory Medicine

    Background:

    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly impairs gas exchange.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of hypoxemia in COPD is crucial for effective management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the patterns of ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) inequality in patients with advanced COPD.
    • To determine if diffusion impairment contributes to hypoxemia in COPD.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed the multiple inert gas elimination technique.
    • Analyzed Va/Q distributions in 23 patients with advanced COPD at rest and during exercise.

    Main Results:

    • Identified three primary Va/Q inequality patterns: high Va/Q predominant, low Va/Q predominant, and mixed high/low Va/Q.
    • High Va/Q regions correlated with increased compliance and alveolar destruction; low Va/Q regions with severe cough/sputum and airway obstruction.
    • Observed Va/Q patterns fully explained hypoxemia, with no evidence of diffusion limitation.
    • Arterial blood gas levels did not reliably predict specific Va/Q patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • Ventilation-perfusion inequality, not diffusion impairment, is the primary cause of hypoxemia in advanced COPD.
    • Distinct Va/Q patterns exist in COPD, linked to specific pathophysiological changes.
    • Clinical assessment of arterial blood gases alone is insufficient to infer the underlying Va/Q distribution.