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African horse sickness

J A House1

  • 1United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Greenport, New York.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|August 1, 1993
PubMed
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African horse sickness (AHS) is a deadly, noncontagious, vector-borne Orbivirus disease affecting equids. Prevention focuses on insect control and vaccination, as no treatment exists for this devastating equine disease.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
  • Arthropod-borne Viral Diseases

Background:

  • African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, noncontagious, vector-borne disease impacting equids, caused by Orbiviruses.
  • The disease is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, with significant epizootics reported globally, including recent outbreaks in Europe.
  • AHS exhibits high mortality rates, reaching up to 95%, and affects various equid species, with horses being most susceptible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology, and control of African horse sickness.
  • To highlight the significant economic and animal welfare impact of AHS outbreaks.
  • To inform prevention and control strategies for this economically important veterinary disease.

Main Methods:

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  • Review of existing literature on AHS epidemiology, clinical signs, and pathology.
  • Analysis of vector transmission dynamics, primarily involving Culicoides biting midges.
  • Examination of diagnostic and preventative measures, including vaccination and insect control.

Main Results:

  • AHS presents in four distinct clinical forms: pulmonary, cardiac, mixed, and the less common horse fever form.
  • Key pathological findings include subcutaneous, intermuscular, and pulmonary edema.
  • Consistent clinical signs encompass fever, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, and tachypnea.

Conclusions:

  • Effective prevention and control strategies for AHS rely on stringent quarantine measures, integrated vector management, and vaccination programs.
  • There is currently no specific treatment for AHS, emphasizing the importance of prophylaxis.
  • Neurotropic strains of the African horse sickness virus (AHSV) pose a potential zoonotic risk, capable of causing retinitis and encephalitis in humans.