Biliary tract emergencies. Acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, and acute pancreatitis

Acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, and acute pancreatitis represent the most common biliary tract emergencies. Most are due to gallstones in the gallbladder and bile ducts. Acute cholecystitis is treated by surgery in most cases. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy may become more common in the future for treatment of acute cholecystitis as well as in cases of acute cholangitis and pancreatitis if the bile ducts are cleared of gallstones. Although the role of either surgery or endoscopic treatment may be more clearly defined in some biliary tract emergencies, in other situations either modality may be appropriate or they may compliment each other. Most biliary emergencies should be managed by gastroenterologists, surgeons, and radiologists working together in a harmonious fashion.