Idiopathic scoliosis in children

Idiopathic scoliosis is a common developmental spinal deformity that usually begins to develop from midchildhood to early adolescence. Although its etiology remains unknown, current research focuses on growth and dysfunction of the central nervous system. Radiography remains the standard of documentation of curve progression. Orthosis and surgical treatment are the only two methods that can alter the condition's natural history. Improved surgical techniques include the use of stronger fixation systems that attach dual rods to the posterior spinal elements at multiple vertebral locations. Improved techniques for blood loss control and replacement and for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function have increased the safety of surgical treatment.