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Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Genital Herpes

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Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

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Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2

D M Markovitz¹

¹University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.

Annals of Internal Medicine

|February 1, 1993

Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection is common in West Africa and differs from HIV-1 in its epidemiology, biology, and clinical progression. Further therapeutic studies are crucial for managing HIV-2.

Area of Science:

Virology
Epidemiology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is an emerging infectious agent.
HIV-2 shares genetic similarities with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), suggesting zoonotic origins.
Understanding HIV-2 is critical due to its distinct characteristics compared to HIV-1.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review the clinical, epidemiologic, and biological features of HIV-2 infection.
To highlight the differences between HIV-2 and HIV-1.
To identify gaps in current knowledge, particularly regarding therapeutics.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of studies published since 1981 using MEDLINE.
Inclusion of author's own research and data from other investigators.

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Synthesis of data from 131 selected articles for a comprehensive review.

Main Results:

HIV-2 is prevalent in West Africa and increasingly detected globally.
Transmission occurs via sexual contact and blood, with limited perinatal spread.
HIV-2 exhibits a longer asymptomatic incubation period and distinct genetic regulation compared to HIV-1.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can result from HIV-2 infection.

Conclusions:

HIV-2 is a significant public health concern with a global presence.
The distinct epidemiology, biology, and clinical course of HIV-2 necessitate specific research focus.
There is an urgent need for therapeutic studies to address HIV-2 infection.