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Type beta transforming growth factors and activins in differentiating embryonal carcinoma cells, embryonic stem cells
C L Mummery1, A J van den Eijnden-van Raaij
1Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht.
Abstract:
TGF beta was originally identified on the basis of its ability to induce phenotypic transformation of non-transformed target cells while activin was discovered as a gonadal protein. They later turned out to be related and both to have possibly crucial roles in the regulation of embryonic development. Here we review the circumstantial and direct evidence for this in the context of our own studies on their expression in and effects on murine EC and ES cells and mouse embryos. Their possible interaction in development is discussed.
Insights
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and activin are related proteins crucial for embryonic development. Their expression and effects on mouse embryonic carcinoma (EC) and embryonic stem (ES) cells are reviewed, discussing potential developmental interactions.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Biology
- Cell Biology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) was identified by its role in cell transformation.
- Activin was initially discovered as a gonadal protein.
- Both TGF-β and activin are structurally related and implicated in embryonic development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence for the roles of TGF-β and activin in embryonic development.
- To present studies on the expression and effects of these factors on murine EC and ES cells.
- To discuss the potential interaction between TGF-β and activin during development.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature.
- Expression analysis in murine EC and ES cells.
- Functional studies on EC and ES cells and mouse embryos.
Main Results:
- Circumstantial and direct evidence supports roles for TGF-β and activin in embryonic development.
- Studies demonstrate expression of these factors in murine EC and ES cells.
- Effects on cell phenotype and embryonic development were observed.
Conclusions:
- TGF-β and activin play significant roles in regulating embryonic development.
- Their interaction may be critical for developmental processes.
- Further research is warranted to elucidate their interplay.