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Nutrition and responses to zero gravity

P C Rambaut, M C Smith, C S Leach

    Federation Proceedings
    |April 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Astronauts experienced minor changes in body composition during spaceflight, but long-term adaptation to weightlessness remains unproven. Nutritional strategies show promise for mitigating negative physiological effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Space Medicine
    • Human Physiology
    • Nutritional Science

    Background:

    • Early space programs focused on minimizing food system mass through dehydrated foods and nutrient recycling.
    • As spaceflight became a reality, focus shifted to food consumption mechanics in weightlessness and structuring conventional foods.
    • Initial concerns about gastrointestinal function in flight were resolved, leading to investigations of subtle metabolic changes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the physiological and metabolic effects of spaceflight on the human body.
    • To assess nutritional requirements and elemental losses during weightless flight.
    • To evaluate the potential for nutrient manipulation to counteract spaceflight-induced deteriorative processes.

    Main Methods:

    • Extensive ground-based simulation studies were conducted.

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  • Carefully designed in-flight experiments were implemented.
  • Data were collected on metabolic energy requirements and elemental losses in astronauts.

    • Main Results:

    • No substantial impediments to normal gastrointestinal function were observed in flight.
    • Slight changes in skeletal density, muscle mass, and overall body composition were noted.
    • Data on metabolic energy requirements and major elemental constituent losses were presented.

    Conclusions:

    • Convincing evidence for long-term human adaptation to weightless flight is not yet available.
    • Nutritional requirements during flight are qualitatively similar to those on Earth.
    • Sophisticated manipulation of nutrient profiles shows potential for counteracting spaceflight-induced physiological deterioration.