Dual-cure luting composites: Part I: Filler particle distribution

Fourteen dual-cure luting composites were analyzed for their filler particle shape, predominant and maximum filler size, and filler weight in function of their clinical use. Polished surfaces were etched with an argon ion beam and studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The type of filler particles, either inorganic or prepolymerized, could clearly be recognized. Their shapes were angular, rounded or spherical, depending on the product. The maximum filler size varied extremely from less than 1 micron to 250 microns. A particle-size distribution analyser disclosed a bell-shaped filler-size distribution. The predominant filler size for all the products was much smaller than the maximum filler size. The filler weight varied from 36 to 77%. After ion etching, some products showed small areas with a low degree of filler loading. A classification of the luting composites based on the maximum filler size is proposed. Since the particle size varies widely within the group of products analyzed, a standard specification for luting composites is urgently needed.