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Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia by progesterone during long-term estradiol replacement: influence of bleeding
D L Moyer1, B de Lignieres, P Driguez
1University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles.
Objective:
To determine the relative influences of induction of withdrawal bleedings secretory transformation, and reduction of mitosis in glands on prevention of endometrial hyperplasia during long-term hormonal replacement therapy.
Design:
Observational expanded clinical case report.
Setting:
Reproductive Endocrine Department of Hospital Necker, Paris, France, and Pathology Department of Women's Hospital, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Patients:
Postmenopausal women seeking treatment for symptomatic menopause.
Interventions:
Endometrial biopsy and/or ambulatory hysteroscopy.
Main Outcome Measure:
Endometrial histology including progestational maturation patterns and glandular epithelial mitosis rates. Macroscopic endometrial appearance.
Results:
The use of larger doses of E2 and P induced more marked secretory changes and more frequent withdrawal bleeding than the lower doses. There was no evidence of endometrial hyperplasia after 5 years of E2/P replacement therapy independently of bleeding pattern or progestational maturation. Consistent reduction of mitosis rates in glandular epithelium was found after 9 or more days of P administration in each cycle.
Conclusions:
Control of endometrial growth is mainly related to control of mitosis in glands by a relatively low doses of P. Induction of withdrawal bleeding and endometrial secretory transformation, which require larger doses of Progesterone, do not provide additional benefit for prevention of hyperplasia. Induction of amenorrhea with a relatively low dose of P may be offered to women seeking hormone replacement therapy with similar levels of safety.