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Acute tumour lysis syndrome

R C Chasty1, J A Liu-Yin

  • 1University Department of Clinical Haematology, Manchester Royal Infirmary.

British Journal of Hospital Medicine
|April 7, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Acute tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) occurs when cancer therapy rapidly kills tumor cells, releasing breakdown products. This can overwhelm the body, causing metabolic issues and severe kidney damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Acute tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a oncologic emergency.
  • It is characterized by the rapid release of intracellular contents following chemotherapy or other cancer treatments.
  • This release can lead to severe metabolic derangements and acute kidney injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the pathophysiology of acute tumour lysis syndrome.
  • To highlight the potential complications of TLS, including renal impairment and sudden death.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing and managing TLS in patients undergoing cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • This is a descriptive review of TLS.
  • Literature review on the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of TLS.
  • Analysis of case studies and clinical data related to TLS.

Main Results:

  • Effective cancer therapy can trigger rapid tumor cell death.
  • Massive release of cellular breakdown products can overwhelm excretory mechanisms.
  • Metabolic disturbances, including hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperphosphatemia, are common.
  • Renal impairment is a significant complication, potentially leading to acute kidney injury.
  • Sudden death or prolonged morbidity can result from untreated or severe TLS.

Conclusions:

  • Acute tumour lysis syndrome is a critical complication of cancer treatment.
  • Prompt recognition and proactive management are essential to prevent severe metabolic disturbances and renal failure.
  • Monitoring metabolic parameters and renal function is crucial in patients at risk for TLS.

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