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Related Concept Videos

Stomach pH Regulation01:21

Stomach pH Regulation

The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
The acid-secreting gastric mucosal epithelial cells (parietal cells) lining the stomach lumen maintain the low pH in the lumen. Numerous ion transporters and channels on these parietal...
pH Regulation in Cells01:28

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge on cellular membranes, and is crucial for metabolic reactions inside the cell. Moreover, cells use the energy from the proton motive force to generate ATP.
Cytosolic pH
Under physiological conditions, the cytosolic pH is slightly more acidic than the extracellular pH. However, cells must prevent further acidification of their cytosol to...
pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory Regulation of...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction while...
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are produced, leading to a...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells
10:18

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Published on: June 13, 2019

Rabbit esophageal cells show regulatory volume decrease: ionic basis and effect of pH

J C Snow1, J L Goldstein, L N Schmidt

  • 1Section of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Illinois, Chicago.

Gastroenterology
|July 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Esophageal cells exhibit regulatory volume decrease (RVD) via pH-dependent potassium and chloride effluxes. Acid reflux may impair esophageal RVD, contributing to injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is observed in gastrointestinal epithelia but not previously in esophageal cells.
  • Esophageal injury in acid reflux disease may involve a loss of RVD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and mechanisms of RVD in isolated basal esophageal cells.
  • To determine the effect of extracellular pH (pHo) on esophageal RVD.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated basal esophageal cells were subjected to hyposmotic stress.
  • Cell volume changes were measured using a Coulter counter.
  • The role of ion transport inhibitors and varying pHo was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Esophageal cells demonstrated RVD at pHo 7.4, returning to baseline size within 5 minutes.
  • RVD was inhibited by K+ channel blockers (Ba2+, quinine), high extracellular K+, and Cl- transport inhibitors (DIDS, diphenylamine-2-carboxylate).
  • RVD was significantly inhibited at pHo 6.8, an effect reversed by valinomycin.

Conclusions:

  • Isolated esophageal cells possess RVD mechanisms dependent on pH- and Cl(-)-mediated K+ efflux.
  • Decreased extracellular pH inhibits esophageal RVD, suggesting a potential mechanism for acid-induced esophageal injury.