[Neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology]

The 17th centuryś origins of neuropsychiatry are found in the works of Thomas Willis, who introduced the terms 'psychologia' and 'neurologia' and developed a complete neuropsychiatric concept. His views were revived by 18th-century animists and vitalists who were able to accept body-mind interactions, unlike the followers of Leibniz (e.g. Haller) who stuck to his psychophysical parallelism without possible interaction. This was also the creed of John Hughlings Jackson, whose influence on the development of neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology in the first decades of the 20th century was second to none. Neuropsychiatry, a Germanic specialty, was able to germinate in 1845 in Griesinger's 'Pathology and therapy of mental diseases', after Gall, Mesmer, Johannes Müller and many others had reformed and expanded the concept of mind-body interaction. In the second half of the 19th century, in the German-speaking countries progress in both neurology and psychiatry was usually achieved by neuro-psychiatrists. Neuropsychology (Lashley, 1913) was a product of both Jacksonian and Germanic neuropsychiatric ideas. During the 20th century neurology was separated from psychiatry, but new trends and their names such as 'psychobiology' and 'biological psychiatry', although quite old, are suggestive of a new kind of neuropsychiatry.