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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Liver Histology01:27

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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Liver Regeneration01:24

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Liver Cold Storage and Transplantation in the Cold-Adaptive Daurian Ground Squirrels
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[Liver transplantation in children]

J Valayer1

  • 1Département de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|October 21, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric liver transplantation is crucial for biliary atresia but faces organ shortages. While survival is ~80%, complications and immunosuppression pose challenges for children needing liver grafts.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Transplant Immunology

Context:

  • Paediatric liver transplantation is a critical treatment for end-stage liver disease in children, particularly for biliary atresia unresponsive to Kasai's procedure.
  • Current organ retrieval rates inadequately meet the rising demand for paediatric liver grafts.
  • Survival rates post-transplantation in children approach 80%, yet significant challenges remain.

Purpose:

  • To review the current state of paediatric liver transplantation, addressing indications, outcomes, and future challenges.
  • To highlight the ongoing need for liver grafts in pediatric patients and the complexities of the procedure.
  • To discuss the long-term implications of immunosuppressive therapy and explore alternative treatment modalities.

Summary:

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  • Paediatric liver transplantation offers an 80% survival rate but is hampered by intra-operative complications, vascular issues, and infections.
  • Post-transplant, most children achieve normal growth and development, but lifelong immunosuppression and undefined indications present concerns.
  • The demand for paediatric liver grafts is increasing due to the success of transplantation, necessitating advancements in donor organ availability and treatment strategies.

    • Impact:

    • Advances in paediatric liver transplantation improve outcomes for children with liver failure, enabling normal growth and development.
    • Addressing challenges like organ shortages and immunosuppression risks is vital for enhancing long-term graft survival and patient quality of life.
    • Specialized care by trained healthcare providers is essential for managing young children undergoing liver transplantation.