Markers of thromboembolization in a bovine ex vivo left ventricular assist device model

The production of blood microemboli (BME) was studied using an ex vivo exteriorized left ventricular assist device (LVAD) model in calves. Each of eight calves received a series of three LVADs, each operating for 24 hr. Blood microemboli were measured directly by a laser (624 nm and 828 nm) light scattering microemboli detection (LSMD) system through the LVAD outflow cannula and by constant pressure filtration (CPF) of blood samples from the LVAD outflow cannula. Hematologic parameters were also measured. After LVAD removal, perivalvular thrombi were evaluated using polar coordinate mapping. The average LSMD and CPF results correlated. For example, in one series of three calves, one ventricle exhibited significantly greater thrombogenesis than did the other ventricles, as indicated by both the LSMD and CPF results. In a series of five calves, one calf developed an abnormally high activated thromboplastin time (APTT), even in the absence of heparin. For two of the three ventricles tested in that calf, microemboli concentration (CPF), Factor XII activity, level of fibrin degradation products (FDP), and accumulated thrombus were significantly lower than for the other calves. The whole blood viscosity (WBV, at 230 s-1) in this calf also decreased to lower values than were seen with the other calves.