[Instrumental analysis of trace elements]

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Science
• Biochemistry

Context:

• Accurate quantification of trace elements in biological matrices is essential for human medicine and toxicology.
• Several analytical techniques exist, including mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry.
• Electrothermal atomization atomic emission spectrometry (ETA-AES) is highlighted for its sensitivity and reliability.

Purpose:

• To review analytical methodologies for trace element determination in biological samples.
• To emphasize the advancements in electrothermal atomization atomic emission spectrometry.
• To discuss instrumental and methodological improvements in ETA-AES.

Summary:

• Trace element analysis in biological matrices is critical for medical and toxicological applications.
• Key analytical techniques include isotopic dilution mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, anodic stripping voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and electrothermal atomization atomic emission spectrometry.
• Electrothermal atomization atomic emission spectrometry, enhanced by stabilized temperature platform furnace, matrix modifiers, oxygen charring, and Zeeman effect background correction, provides high sensitivity and reliability.

Impact:

• Improved accuracy in trace element determination supports medical diagnostics and toxicological assessments.
• Advancements in ETA-AES enable more precise analysis of essential and toxic elements in biological systems.
• The discussed methodologies contribute to a better understanding of element roles and impacts in human health.