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Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology

S F Gilbert1, J M Opitz, R A Raff

  • 1Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania 19081, USA.

Developmental Biology
|February 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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A new evolutionary synthesis integrates embryology, macroevolution, and homology, using developmental genetics and fossil data. It proposes morphogenetic fields, not just genes, drive evolutionary changes in higher taxa.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Genetics
  • Morphology

Background:

  • The Modern Synthesis primarily focused on genetics and microevolution.
  • Embryology, macroevolution, and homology were historically marginalized.
  • New findings in developmental genetics and fossil reinterpretations necessitate a broader synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a new, more robust evolutionary synthesis.
  • To integrate macroevolutionary and microevolutionary explanations.
  • To highlight the importance of embryology, macroevolution, and homology.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporating findings from developmental genetics.
  • Reinterpreting the fossil record.
  • Analyzing homologous developmental pathways and gene expression (e.g., homeobox, wnt genes).

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Main Results:

  • Macroevolutionary questions are addressed beyond population genetics.
  • Developmental gene actions are critical for higher taxon formation.
  • Homologies of process, alongside structural homologies, are identified in embryonic development.
  • Morphogenetic fields are proposed as key units mediating genotype-phenotype, influencing ontogeny and evolution.

Conclusions:

  • A new evolutionary synthesis is emerging, integrating previously marginalized fields.
  • Developmental processes and morphogenetic fields are crucial drivers of macroevolution.
  • This framework offers a more comprehensive understanding of evolutionary change across scales.