Glycation and glycoxidation of histones by ADP-ribose

The reaction of long lived proteins with reducing sugars has been implicated in the pathophysiology of aging and age-related diseases. A likely intranuclear source of reducing sugar is ADP-ribose, which is generated following DNA damage from the turnover of ADP-ribose polymers. In this study, ADP-ribose has been shown to be a potent histone glycation and glycoxidation agent in vitro. Incubation of ADP-ribose with histones H1, H2A, H2B, and H4 at pH 7.5 resulted in the formation of ketoamine glycation conjugates. Incubation of histone H1 with ADP-ribose also rapidly resulted in the formation of protein carboxymethyllysine residues, protein-protein cross-links, and highly fluorescent products with properties similar to the advanced glycosylation end product pentosidine. The formation of glycoxidation products was related to the degradation of ketoamine glycation conjugates by two different pathways. One pathway resulted in the formation of protein carboxymethyllysine residues and release of an ADP moiety containing a glyceric acid fragment. A second pathway resulted in the release of ADP, and it is postulated that this pathway is involved in the formation of histone-histone cross-links and fluorescent advanced glycosylation end products.