[Theoretical perspectives on autism]

The French and American views of autism have often been seen as irreconcilable, the theoretical and inferential aspects of one conflicting with the empiricism and positivism of the other. Nevertheless, multiple lines of convergence tie together these two traditions, from the commitment to phenomenology embodied in the early work of Jean Itard and his American disciples, to the emphasis on developmental issues represented in French psychoanalytic approach and Kanner's reliance on Gesell's work. Several important differences remain, with an oftentimes sharp contrast between the predominantly psychogenic views in France and the predominantly neurobehavioral views in the United States. This divergence has important implications to research and services affecting individuals with autism. However, recent developments are bringing together these two viewpoints, with mutual benefits. There is a renewed commitment to cross cultural discussions, resulting in constructive reappraisal of concepts and research in both countries, and leading to the attention to important phenomena. The stimulation engendered by this dialogue is leading to new research.