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Preterm labor: emerging role of genital tract infections
W W Andrews1, R L Goldenberg, J C Hauth
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35233-7333, USA.
Insights
Genital tract infections are linked to spontaneous preterm birth, especially before 30 weeks gestation. New research offers potential for early detection and prevention strategies for preterm labor.
Area of Science:
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Neonatal Medicine
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Preterm birth affects 8-10% of US pregnancies, causing significant infant morbidity and mortality.
- Economic costs of preterm birth are substantial.
- Current prevention and treatment strategies for preterm labor have shown mixed results.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review emerging evidence linking genital tract infections to spontaneous preterm birth.
- To highlight the potential for new diagnostic markers and interventions.
- To comment on the growing body of literature in this field.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing scientific literature.
- Analysis of data associating subclinical genital tract infections with preterm birth.
- Commentary on the implications of current research.
Main Results:
- Subclinical genital tract infections are strongly associated with spontaneous preterm birth, particularly before 30 weeks gestational age.
- Preterm birth closer to term is less likely to be linked to genital tract infection.
- Improved understanding facilitates development of risk assessment and prevention.
Conclusions:
- Genital tract infection is a significant etiologic factor in spontaneous preterm birth.
- Further research can lead to novel biomarkers for identifying at-risk pregnancies.
- Targeted interventions hold promise for reducing preterm birth rates and improving neonatal outcomes.
Abstract:
Preterm birth complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies in the United States and is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Neonatal morbidity and mortality is concentrated among very low-birthweight and extremely premature infants, particularly those delivered prior to 30 weeks' gestational age. In addition to the contribution of preterm birth to neonatal morbidity and mortality, the economic costs associated with this pregnancy complication are staggering. Efforts to reduce the preterm birth rate have been largely focused on prevention and early intervention with treatment for preterm labor. Mixed results regarding the success of prematurity prevention programs have been reported, and controversy continues to surround the efficacy of tocolytic therapy in the treatment of preterm labor. Although neonatal survival for infants born at early gestational ages has steadily improved in recent years, survival of infants delivered prior to 24 weeks' gestation remains very poor. Additionally, despite this decline in neonatal mortality, the United States still lags behind most industrialized nations in infant mortality, and no change in the rate of low birthweight has occurred in recent decades. Multiple lines of evidence support a role for infection as an etiologic factor in preterm labor. Although this association has been well known for many years, a wealth of new data is emerging, linking subclinical genital tract infection with spontaneous preterm birth, particularly among pregnancies that result in birth prior to 30 weeks' gestational age as a result of spontaneous preterm labor or preterm, premature rupture of membranes. Conversely, preterm birth that occurs closer to term is less likely to be associated with genital tract infection. Improved understanding of the link between genital tract infection and preterm birth now provides an exciting potential for the development of sensitive new markers to identify women at risk and effective interventions to prevent preterm birth. A review and comment on this growing literature is provided.