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Activation of the complement system by pathogenic fungi
1Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA.
Abstract:
Fungi have been studied as prototype activators of the complement cascade since the early 1900s. More recently, attention has focused on the role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of fungal infections. The interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans with the complement system are the most widely characterized; however, all pathogenic fungi examined to date have the ability to initiate the complement cascade. The molecular mechanisms for initiation and regulation of the complement cascade differ from one fungus to another, most likely reflecting differences in the structure of the outer layers of the cell wall. The molecular bases for such differences remain to be identified. Studies of mycoses in experimental animals with induced or congenital deficiencies in the complement system demonstrate that complement is an important innate system for control of fungal infection. Contributions to host resistance include opsonization and generation of inflammatory mediators. Inflammation induced by chemotactic products of the complement system may contribute to the pathogenesis of some fungal infections.
Insights
Fungi activate the complement cascade, crucial for innate immunity against fungal infections. Understanding these interactions aids in developing strategies against mycoses.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Mycology
- Microbiology
Background:
- Fungi have been recognized as activators of the complement cascade since the early 20th century.
- Recent research highlights the complement system's role in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
- While interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans are well-studied, all pathogenic fungi can initiate the complement cascade.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the interactions between pathogenic fungi and the complement system.
- To discuss the importance of the complement system in controlling fungal infections.
- To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal complement activation and regulation.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on fungal-complement interactions.
- Analysis of experimental animal models with complement deficiencies.
- Examination of the role of complement in host resistance to fungal infections.
Main Results:
- All pathogenic fungi activate the complement cascade, with variations in molecular mechanisms likely due to cell wall structure.
- Complement plays a vital role in innate immunity, controlling fungal infections through opsonization and inflammation.
- Complement-derived inflammatory mediators can contribute to the pathogenesis of certain fungal diseases.
Conclusions:
- The complement system is a critical component of innate immunity against fungal pathogens.
- Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular basis for differential fungal complement activation.
- Understanding fungal-complement interactions is essential for managing mycoses.