Related Experiment Videos
The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory
F I Craik1, R Govoni, M Naveh-Benjamin
1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. craik@psych.utoronto.ca
Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
|June 1, 1996
Summary
Divided attention (DA) significantly impairs memory encoding but has minimal impact on retrieval. Memory performance is controllable at encoding but not retrieval, affecting reaction times differently.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Neuroscience
- Human Memory
Background:
- Divided attention (DA) research explores cognitive load during simultaneous tasks.
- Understanding how DA affects memory encoding versus retrieval is crucial for cognitive models.
- Previous studies show mixed results on DA's impact across different memory tasks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the differential effects of DA on memory encoding and retrieval.
- To examine how DA influences free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory.
- To explore the role of conscious control in the trade-off between memory performance and reaction time.
Main Methods:
- Four experiments were conducted using auditory word/word pair lists and oral recall.
- A secondary visual continuous reaction-time (RT) task with manual responses was employed.
- DA was manipulated during encoding and retrieval phases across different memory tasks.
Main Results:
- DA during encoding caused significant memory decline but minor RT increases.
- DA during retrieval led to minimal memory reduction but larger RT increases, especially in free recall.
- Memory performance was sensitive to task emphasis at encoding, but not at retrieval.
Conclusions:
- DA impacts memory encoding more profoundly than retrieval.
- The trade-off between memory and RT is subject to conscious control, particularly at encoding.
- Findings suggest distinct underlying neuropsychological mechanisms for encoding and retrieval under DA.