Laser tissue welding: a comprehensive review of current and future clinical applications

Laser techniques for joining tissue, in combination with other surgical technologies, will be a hallmark of surgery in the next century. At present, there are many clinical applications of tissue welding and soldering which are beginning to achieve wide spread acceptance. These exciting clinical developments are the result of many advances which have been made in the past few years in our understanding of the mechanism of laser tissue welding. Also contributing to this progress are many important technical refinements such as tissue solders and feedback control of the laser device. In this article, we describe in depth the history and development of laser tissue welding including key theoretical concepts as well as crucial experiments which have added to our insight into this phenomenon. We also review the evolving concepts of its clinical application and indicate clinical applications which are likely to become more important in the future.