Biochemically detectable tumor markers in urine of bladder cancer patients

Potential biochemical markers excreted in the urine of bladder cancer patients have been considered, with the conclusion that none alone has yet proven to be useful as a screening procedure for the detection of urothelial cancer. Quantitative fluctuations in urinary levels of several of these markers in combination, such as pseudouridine, beta-amino-isobutyric acid, and fibrinogen degradation products, appear to be valuable in the assessment of the treatment of bladder cancer patients and in helping to predict recurrences in these patients.