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Related Concept Videos

Phenotypic Profiling of Human Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons09:21

Phenotypic Profiling of Human Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons

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This protocol describes the cell culturing of human midbrain dopaminergic neurons, followed by immunological staining and the generation of neuronal phenotypic profiles from acquired microscopic high-content images allowing the identification of phenotypic variations due to genetic or chemical...
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Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression10:54

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In Parkinson's Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using...
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Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains08:45

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The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of...
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Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice09:35

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This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult...
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Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons11:58

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Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various...
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Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area09:54

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

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Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
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Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

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Three-dimensional echocardiography using a transoesophageal imaging probe. Potentials and technical considerations

T Binder1, S Globits, M Zangeneh

  • 12nd Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Vienna, Austria.

European Heart Journal
|April 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional echocardiographic computerized tomography offers valuable insights for cardiac diagnosis and surgical planning, visualizing complex cardiac structures. This advanced imaging technique shows promise for selected clinical applications, despite current limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Echocardiography

Background:

  • Current ultrasound techniques offer only 2D views, limiting the understanding of complex 3D cardiac relationships.
  • Three-dimensional anatomical appreciation is crucial for accurate cardiac diagnosis, surgical decision-making, and procedural planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential and limitations of a novel echocardiographic computerized tomography (ECT) unit for reconstructing 3D cardiac images.
  • To assess the clinical utility of ECT in a diverse patient cohort with various cardiac conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Performed ECT examinations on 104 patients (227 scans) using a series of transesophageal slices.
  • Assessed visualization of cardiac structures and pathologies, including congenital defects and valvular heart disease.

Main Results:

  • The ECT procedure was well-tolerated, with no serious complications in 104 patients.
  • Pathologies were visualized in 86% of patients, with optimal results for mitral valve pathologies, left atrium, left ventricular outflow tract, and aortic/mitral valves.
  • 3D imaging enhanced the perception and understanding of structural relationships, particularly in congenital defects and mitral valve disease.

Conclusions:

  • Echocardiographic computerized tomography has the potential to provide significant clinical information in specific cardiac settings.
  • Despite limitations in data acquisition and processing, ECT offers improved visualization of 3D cardiac anatomy and pathology.
  • Further development in data processing and computing power may enhance the utility of 3D echocardiography in clinical practice.