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Thyroxine concentration in human milk

J Sack, O Amado, B Lunenfeld

    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
    |July 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Human milk contains thyroxine (T4), a thyroid hormone crucial for infant development. Milk T4 levels vary postpartum, potentially impacting the diagnosis and management of congenital hypothyroidism in newborns.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Neonatal Nutrition
    • Pediatric Endocrinology

    Background:

    • Thyroxine (T4) is essential for normal infant growth and development.
    • The role of maternal milk as a source of T4 for infants is not fully understood.
    • Congenital hypothyroidism requires timely diagnosis and management to prevent developmental issues.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify thyroxine (T4) concentrations in human milk postpartum.
    • To assess the potential contribution of human milk T4 to the infant's thyroid hormone supply.
    • To evaluate the implications of milk T4 on the clinical recognition and management of infantile hypothyroidism.

    Main Methods:

    • Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to measure T4 concentrations.
    • Milk samples were collected from 19 healthy, euthyroid mothers at various postpartum intervals (3-165 days).

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    Main Results:

    • Mean milk T4 concentration was 0.38 ± 0.07 µg/100ml in the first week postpartum.
    • T4 levels increased significantly between 8-48 days postpartum, reaching 4.27 ± 0.50 µg/100ml.
    • After 50 days postpartum, milk T4 concentrations decreased to 1.11 ± 0.25 µg/100ml.

    Conclusions:

    • Human milk serves as a significant source of exogenous thyroxine for infants.
    • The presence of T4 in breast milk may delay the clinical diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism.
    • While beneficial, milk-borne T4 is insufficient to prevent the long-term detrimental effects of untreated hypothyroidism.