A replication-enhancing element with transcriptional silencer activity in autonomously replicating human chromosomal...

We have identified specific nucleotide sequences involved in autonomous replication of human chromosomal fragments in human cells. Nested deletion analysis of a 10.2-kb long human chromosomal fragment showed that replication efficiency of the fragment was reduced to about 50% by loss of a short specific segment. Deletions outside the segment reduced the replication efficiency depending on their lengths. By introducing linker substitutions, we found that the distinct segment required for the efficient replication consisted of an 18-bp sequence, named REE1 (Replication Enhancing Element 1). Single or tandem copies of REE1 alone had no significant replication activity, but they stimulated replication of human chromosomal DNA fragments. We found, in addition, that the REE1 sequence inserted at a site 2.7 kb upstream of the SV40 early promoter caused repression of transcription from the promoter, suggesting that REE1 had a transcriptional silencer activity. Introduction of linker substitutions into the REE1 indicated that the nucleotide sequences required for the repression of transcription were the same as those for enhancement of replication. Thus, REE1 is responsible for both enhancement of replication and repression of transcription.