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Underwater forces produced by the hydro-tone bell

L A Law¹, G L Smidt

¹MedSport Physical Therapy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

|April 1, 1996

Summary

The Hydro-Tone Bell generates more force at a 45-degree angle compared to a 0-degree angle, especially at higher water velocities. This study quantifies its force production for potential therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Hydrodynamics
Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

Limited experimental data exists for therapeutic devices like the Hydro-Tone Bell.
The Hydro-Tone Bell is designed for underwater upper body resistance training.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method and apparatus for measuring the force production of the Hydro-Tone Bell.
To investigate the influence of orientation and water velocity on the device's force output.

Main Methods:

The Hydro-Tone Bell was tested in two orientations (0 and 45 degrees).
Force production was measured across a range of water velocities (31-152 cm/sec).

Main Results:

Both orientation and water velocity significantly impact force production.
At 152 cm/sec, 45-degree orientation yielded ~50% more force (130 N) than 0-degree (80 N).
Forces increased nonlinearly with velocity; a twofold velocity increase resulted in a fourfold force increase.

Conclusions:

The Hydro-Tone Bell's force output is highly dependent on its orientation and water velocity.
This research provides foundational data for future clinical studies on optimal therapeutic use.
Further investigation is needed to determine the most beneficial orientations and movements for rehabilitation.

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