Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Costimulation in tolerance and autoimmunity

S Guerder1, R A Flavell

  • 1Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

International Reviews of Immunology
|January 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Murine Mesenteric Lymphadenectomy for Selective Disruption of Lymphatic Communication with Region-Specific Gut.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same author

Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same author

T Cell Receptors for Antigen on Intraepitheial Cytolytic T Lymphocytes in Celiac Disease Engage Enterocyte HLA-E and HLA-B.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Evidence for a pathogenic role of extrafollicular, IL-10-producing CCR6<sup>+</sup>B helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2020
Same author

IL-10 producing regulatory and helper T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Seminars in immunology·2019
Same author

Family-based study reveals decreased abundance of sputum Granulicatella in asthmatics.

Allergy·2018
Same journal

Leptin in metabolic-immune crosstalk: Mechanisms of T cell regulation and implications for autoimmune disease therapy.

International reviews of immunology·2026
Same journal

Metabolic alterations in the tumor microenvironment influence the anti-tumor immune function of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells via epigenetic modifications.

International reviews of immunology·2026
Same journal

Macrophage markers and gene signature profiling reveals mesenchymal stem cells mediated immune modulation in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.

International reviews of immunology·2026
Same journal

Natural antigen landscape shaping intestinal Treg cells: Self, diet, and microbiota.

International reviews of immunology·2026
Same journal

Upregulation of ADAM10 reinforces CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells toward exhaustion in the TME.

International reviews of immunology·2026
Same journal

PTX3 promotes macrophage efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in granulomatous mastitis.

International reviews of immunology·2026
See all related articles

T cell activation requires two signals: an antigen signal and a costimulatory signal. Without costimulation, T cells become inactivated, promoting tolerance to peripheral antigens and potentially preventing autoimmune responses.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • T cell activation is a complex process requiring specific signals for proper immune response.
  • The two-signal model posits that antigen presentation alone is insufficient for T cell activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting the two-signal model of T cell activation.
  • To explore the role of the CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway in T cell tolerance and autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and evidence.
  • Analysis of the implications of the two-signal model for immune tolerance.

Main Results:

  • T cell activation necessitates both an antigenic signal and a costimulatory signal, often mediated by CD28-B7 interactions.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Absence of costimulation leads to inactivation of antigen-reactive T cells, not activation.

    • Conclusions:

    • The CD28-B7 pathway is crucial for maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens.
    • Dysregulation of this pathway may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.