Retinal photoreceptor fine structure in the Australian galah (Eolophus roseicapillus) (Aves)

The retinal photoreceptors of the galah (Eolophus roseicapillus), an Australian cockatoo, consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 1:3:3 respectively. The rods are long slim cells which are believed to undergo retinomotor movements. The rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, much rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), numerous polysomes and some autophagic vacuoles. No hyperboloid of glycogen was noted. Single cones show a slightly tapered outer segment, no oil droplet but a prominent ellipsoid at the apex and glycogen scattered throughout the inner segment. Double cones consist of a chief member which displays a heterogeneous oil droplet but no paraboloid of glycogen and an accessory cone with no oil droplet but a prominent paraboloid. All cones show below the ellipsoid plentiful polysomes, RER, Golgi zones and autophagic vacuoles. Cones are not felt to undergo retinomotor movements. In the light-adapted state the pigment-laden apical processes of the retinal epithelium (RPE) cells surround all photoreceptor types down to the inner segments. Along the length of the contiguous membranes between the two members of the double cones are membrane densifications that are presumed to be junctions. All cone photoreceptors are relatively small in diameter and hence closely packed. Rods and cones (both types) display both invaginated (ribbon) and superficial (conventional) synaptic sites.