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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines01:18

Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines

A streamline represents the trajectory that is always tangent to the fluid's velocity vector at any given point. The velocity of a fluid particle is always directed along the streamline, ensuring the particle continuously follows the streamline's path. Streamlines are particularly useful for visualizing the overall direction of flow in a fluid system, and they provide an instantaneous representation of the flow's velocity field. In steady flow, where conditions do not change over time,...
Thematic Layering in GIS01:30

Thematic Layering in GIS

In the past, planning projects such as schools or public facilities required extensive manual effort to gather and compile data. Information such as property boundaries, soil characteristics, road networks, zoning regulations, and flood zones had to be sourced individually from courthouses, utility providers, and registry offices. Assembling these datasets into a coherent format often took several months, delaying project timelines.The introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)...
Manipulation and Analysis01:21

Manipulation and Analysis

GIS manipulation and analysis functions are vital for decision-making and planning. These activities range from data retrieval tasks, such as selecting information based on specific criteria, to advanced analytical techniques that address complex spatial problems.One critical GIS analysis method is overlaying, which combines multiple data layers to examine impacts. For example, overlaying a river-dammed lake boundary with road networks can identify affected infrastructure. Another common...
Freshwater Microbial Ecology01:24

Freshwater Microbial Ecology

Freshwater systems such as streams, rivers, and lakes exhibit distinct physical and biological characteristics that influence their microbial communities. These environments are broadly categorized into lotic systems—those with flowing waters like streams and most rivers—and lentic systems, which include still or slow-moving waters such as lakes, ponds, and marshes.In lentic systems, phytoplankton drive primary production, generating autochthonous organic carbon. In contrast, lotic systems...

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Neurodevelopmental effects: making the case for biologic plausibility.

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Key environmental human health issues in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basins.

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Harmonizing human health studies in the Great Lakes.

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Differences in morphology, growth rate, and protein synthesis between cultured arterial and venous endothelial cells.

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The in vivo biosynthesis of embryonic proteins after maternal administration of phenytoin in the mouse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey
12:24

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey

Published on: August 29, 2014

The Great Lakes: a historical overview

H E Hicks1

  • 1Division of Toxicology, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.

Toxicology and Industrial Health
|May 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Persistent toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes pose risks to wildlife and humans. Studies link consuming contaminated fish to adverse health effects, highlighting the need for pollution control.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • The Great Lakes, the largest freshwater system globally, face contamination from over two centuries of industrial, agricultural, and recreational use.
  • The basin's characteristics and long chemical retention times create a reservoir for persistent toxic pollutants.
  • Over a thousand chemicals have been detected in Great Lakes waters, sediment, and biota, many with known toxic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the 11 most persistent toxic chemicals, termed "critical" Great Lakes pollutants.
  • To describe adverse health effects observed in fish and wildlife due to pollutant exposure.
  • To discuss early human health studies examining the link between Great Lakes fish consumption and adverse health outcomes.

Main Methods:

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey
12:24

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey

Published on: August 29, 2014

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon
05:07

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

Published on: June 27, 2016

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment
07:57

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Published on: September 11, 2018

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on Great Lakes pollutants.
  • Identification of persistent toxic chemicals based on established criteria.
  • Analysis of epidemiological studies on human health impacts related to fish consumption.

Main Results:

  • Eleven critical persistent toxic pollutants in the Great Lakes were identified.
  • Documented adverse health effects in aquatic wildlife exposed to these pollutants.
  • Human health studies indicate a correlation between elevated body burdens, fish consumption, and potential adverse health effects.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes represent a significant environmental and public health concern.
  • Consumption of contaminated Great Lakes fish is associated with adverse health outcomes in humans.
  • Further research and stringent pollution control measures are essential to protect ecosystem and human health.