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Updated: Feb 18, 2026
02:26
Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
Published on: April 9, 2019
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Pain clinics
1School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America
|August 1, 1996
Summary
This article reviews multimodal pain programs versus single treatments for persistent musculoskeletal pain. It appraises evidence for various therapies and offers a decision algorithm for managing chronic pain before specialized program referral.
Area of Science:
- Pain Management
- Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Rehabilitation Medicine
Background:
- Persistent musculoskeletal pain presents significant challenges in prevalence, morbidity, and prognosis.
- Current treatment approaches often involve unimodal therapies with varying degrees of effectiveness.
- Multimodal pain programs offer a comprehensive strategy for managing complex chronic pain conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically appraise the evidence base for different interventions in persistent musculoskeletal pain.
- To compare the efficacy of multimodal pain programs with unimodal treatments.
- To present a clinical decision algorithm to guide pain management prior to referral.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and critical appraisal of research evidence.
- Examination of factors including prevalence, morbidity, and prognosis.
- Development of a clinical decision algorithm for pain management.
Main Results:
- Evidence for physical therapy, psychological, vocational, and pharmacologic interventions was critically evaluated.
- The comparative effectiveness of multimodal versus unimodal approaches was assessed.
- A structured algorithm was developed to aid clinical decision-making.
Conclusions:
- Multimodal pain programs are crucial for managing persistent musculoskeletal pain.
- A systematic approach to treatment selection is necessary.
- The presented algorithm can optimize patient management pathways.
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