Variations in macromolecular antifreeze levels in larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta

Overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta, produce a macromolecular antifreeze that is similar in activity to the glycoproteinaceous and proteinaceous antifreezes found in some cold-water, marine teleost fishes. The antifreeze is not present in the hemolymph of the Meracantha larvae in summer, but its production begins by late September in the wild population. The antifreeze reaches a maximum concentration in February, decreases slowly through spring, and disappears by early June. The supercooling points of the larvae are lowest in February, when the antifreeze levels are highest, and increase as the antifreeze concentrations in the hemolymph decrease in the spring. Larvae collected in mid-February and warm-acclimated lost the antifreeze with-in 12 days. Larvae collected in early September and cold-acclimated required nearly two months to produce concentrations of antifreeze comparable to those of overwintering larvae. Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved.