The reconstruction of unequal or absent breasts

The different varieties and combinations of unequal breasts, as well as frequently associated defects such as pectus excavatum and absent or maldeveloped pectoral muscles, are discussed. The possible aetiological factors are considered, and the important role that a good history, clinical examination and detailed investigation play, is stressed. The reconstructive treatment of each variety is discussed in some depth. The management and treatment of absent breasts after mastectomy are also considered.