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Water balance and physical performance in cold

H Rintamäki¹, T Mäkinen, J Oksa

¹Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Finland.

Arctic Medical Research

|January 1, 1995

Summary

Dehydration significantly impairs exercise performance in cold environments, increasing strain and exhaustion. Maintaining water balance with specific fluid types and temperatures is crucial for optimal physical function in the cold.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Physiology
Human Performance in Cold
Sports Nutrition and Hydration

Background:

While energy and nutrition in cold environments are well-studied, water balance remains under-examined.
Cold exposure can disrupt water balance through increased water needs, decreased intake, and altered blood circulation.
Dehydration's impact on physiological responses and exercise performance in cold conditions requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of dehydration on physiological responses and exercise performance in a cold environment.
To assess the impact of rehydration on performance and physiological strain in the cold.
To provide recommendations for optimal fluid intake strategies in cold conditions.

Main Methods:

Dehydrated subjects performed submaximal exercise at -15°C, with measurements of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and anaerobic threshold.
Maximal oxygen uptake and muscle strength were also assessed.
Post-dehydration, subjects were rehydrated with a 5% sucrose solution and re-tested at -20°C; fluid intake recommendations were analyzed.

Main Results:

Dehydration led to significantly higher oxygen uptake and heart rate, a lower anaerobic threshold, and reduced time to exhaustion during exercise at -15°C.
Maximal oxygen uptake and muscle strength were unaffected by dehydration.
Rehydration improved mechanical efficiency and decreased physical strain at -20°C, but rapid rehydration with cold fluids was discouraged due to adverse physiological effects.

Conclusions:

Dehydration negatively impacts exercise efficiency and increases physical strain in cold environments, leading to earlier exhaustion.
While rehydration can restore physical performance, continuous maintenance of water balance is recommended over rapid rehydration.
Optimal fluid intake in the cold involves fluids above 25-30°C with less than 7% carbohydrate content to avoid negative physiological responses.

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