Common shoulder injuries among athletes: evaluation and management

Shoulder injuries in athletics, especially throwing sports, are a relatively common phenomenon. Assessment and evaluation of shoulder problems require a systematic approach that should be both comprehensive and efficient. This article outlines a sequential process of evaluation that incorporates the following different components of a thorough examination: taking a history, inspecting the shoulder, palpating the structures, assessing active and passive range of motion, testing strength, and performing special tests. Guidelines for management of the most common diagnoses are included.