Vanadate oxidation activates contraction in skinned smooth muscle without myosin light chain phosphorylation

Phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (LC20-P1) is the major route of smooth muscle activation. However, after prior exposure to vanadate, permeabilized guinea pig taenia coli smooth muscle contracts in the absence of LC20-P1. We characterized the vanadate-induced contraction and investigated the mechanism of this novel activation pathway. Addition of vanadate to a control contracture (6.6 microM Ca2+) inhibits force (effective dose for 50% response was approximately 100 microM). In contrast, preincubation with high concentrations of vanadate (threshold at 1-2 mM) elicited a contraction on subsequent transfer of the fiber to a vanadate-free, Ca(2+)-free solution. Maximum isometric force of approximately 60% of control was obtained in fibers preincubated in 4 mM vanadate for 10 min. Addition of Ca2+ to a vanadate-induced contracture increased force, but the total force never exceeded the initial control. After maximal thiophosphorylation of LC20 with adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), treatment with vanadate did not increase force. Unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) was similar in Ca2+ and vanadate contractures and was additive. After thiophosphorylation, preincubation in vanadate had no effect on Vmax, suggesting that vanadate affected the number of activated bridges and not cycle rate. Vanadate mechanisms likely involve oxidation, since preincubation with 4 mM vanadate and 25 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) did not produce force. DTT could reverse a vanadate-induced contracture in 30-60 min. Subsequently, fibers demonstrated control contraction/relaxation cycles. Thus vanadate treatment did not cause irreversible damage, such as the extraction of proteins. Potential oxidation sites are proteins at 17 kDa and between 30 and 40 kDa, which were not alkylated by N-ethylmaleimide if they were treated in the presence of vanadate or in the rigor state. Vanadate-induced contractures are likely mediated by a reversible oxidation that activates cross bridges similarly to that of LC20-Pi and may play an important role in oxidant injury.