Neonatal hypoglycemia

Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common phenomenon in the newborn infant. The neonatal nurse has the primary responsibility for identifying infants at risk and early warning signs. This article outlines the definition, central nervous system symptomatology, incidence, risk factors, etiology, and pathophysiology of low blood glucose levels. An understanding of the three basic mechanisms of glucose homeostasis-glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and glyconcogenesis-is crucial for the nurse caring for any newborn infant, particularly those at risk. All personnel involved in blood sampling must be carefully trained; proper screening and laboratory blood sampling techniques for glucose measurement cannot be overemphasized. Inaccurate results produced by faulty techniques can lead to misdiagnosis and improper treatment. A plan of care including glucose screening on initial assessment and follow-up must be, considered whenever hypoglycemic symptoms are observed or risk factors are present. Knowledge of appropriate interventions and outcome evaluation for hypoglycemia is the responsibility of the neonatal nurse.