Relative effects of carbohydrates and protein on satiety -- a review of methodology

There is some evidence that the effects of carbohydrates and protein may differ with respect to satiety. This may depend in part on the different methods of preparing these nutrients for administration. Additional factors such as timing, different delays, differential metabolism and expectations of ingested foods may contribute to different outcomes of experiments investigating the satiating effects of macronutrients. Here, studies of the relative satiating effects of carbohydrates and protein are discussed followed by a methodological discussion of the reviewed studies. Finally, suggestions for methodological improvements are given which should allow future studies to investigate more clearly the mechanisms underlying satiety.