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The spatial dependence of spin-echo signals

R P Jones1, G A Morris, J C Waterton

  • 1Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University Magnetic Resonance Centre, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043, USA.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|February 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Spatial modulation in NMR spin echoes can cause errors in imaging and localized spectra. This phenomenon, typically unseen in Hahn or stimulated echoes, can be mitigated using phase cycling techniques to remove spatial dependence.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Background:

  • NMR spin echoes refocused by 90-degree pulses exhibit inherent spatial modulation.
  • This modulation is usually not apparent in standard imaging or profiling techniques like Hahn or stimulated echoes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of spatial modulation in NMR spin echoes on imaging and localized spectroscopy.
  • To identify the conditions under which spatial modulation becomes observable and its potential to introduce artifacts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of NMR spin echo signals using Fourier-transform principles.
  • Examination of signal behavior under conditions that reveal spatial modulation.

Main Results:

  • Spatial modulation in 90-degree refocused NMR spin echoes can lead to significant errors in sample structure analysis.

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  • Errors are particularly pronounced when sample structures vary at the modulation's spatial scale.
  • Conditions allowing modulation visibility effectively introduce a second echo within the acquisition window.

    • Conclusions:

    • Spatial modulation in NMR spin echoes is a critical factor to consider for accurate imaging and localized spectral analysis.
    • Phase cycling is a viable method to suppress the spatial dependence of these signals, thereby removing associated errors.