Altering developmental trajectories in mice by restricted index selection

A restricted index selection experiment on mice was carried out for 1-4 generations on rate of early postnatal development (growth rate from birth to 10 days of age) vs. rate of development much later in ontogeny (growth rate from 28 to 56 days of age). Early rate of development (E) approximates hyperplasia (changes in cell number) and later rate (L) reflects hypertropy (changes in cell size). The selection criteria were as follows; E+LO was selected to increase early body weight gain while holding late body weight gain constant; E-LO was selected to decrease early body gain while holding late gain constant; EOL+ was selected to increase late gain holding early gain constant; and EOL- was selected to decrease late gain holding early gain constant. After 14 generations of selection, significant divergence among lines has occurred and the changes in the growth trajectories are very close to expectation. The genetic and developmental bases of complex traits are discussed as well as the concept of developmental homoplasy.