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Paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system

J O Dalmau1, J B Posner

  • 1Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Seminars in Oncology
|June 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Paraneoplastic syndromes involve autoimmune reactions targeting the nervous system, often linked to cancer. Diagnosis relies on cancer association, treatment response, or specific autoantibodies, though effective treatments remain limited.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes affect the nervous system due to autoimmune responses.
  • These syndromes involve an immune reaction to shared onconeural antigens between cancer and nervous tissue.
  • Neurological disorders similar to paraneoplastic syndromes can occur without cancer and lack associated antibodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the understanding of paraneoplastic syndromes.
  • To highlight the autoimmune basis and diagnostic criteria.
  • To discuss treatment challenges and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on paraneoplastic syndromes.
  • Analysis of the autoimmune mechanisms involved.
  • Correlation of autoantibodies with specific tumor types.

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Main Results:

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes exhibit diverse neurological manifestations.
  • Autoimmune reactions to onconeural antigens are the primary cause.
  • Specific autoantibodies aid in diagnosing paraneoplastic syndromes and identifying associated cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis is supported by cancer association, response to cancer treatment, or presence of specific autoantibodies.
  • While some syndromes respond to cancer treatment or immunosuppression, effective treatments are lacking for many.
  • Understanding the autoimmune basis is crucial for managing these complex neurological disorders.