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Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA into a...

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription Elongation Factors

Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA into a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

Basic mechanisms of transcript elongation and its regulation

S M Uptain¹, C M Kane, M J Chamberlin

¹Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA. uptain@mendel.berkeley.edu

Annual Review of Biochemistry

|January 1, 1997

Summary

RNA polymerase (RNAP) movement during transcription can be discontinuous, influenced by DNA sequence and regulatory factors. This inchworm-like motion impacts gene expression and has implications for understanding cellular transformation and cancer.

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

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Published on: December 4, 2010

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

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Published on: May 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

Ternary complexes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) are key intermediates in transcription.
Unusual biochemical reactions affecting RNAP progression are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
These factors influence promoter proximal and distal pausing, crucial for gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore novel biochemical reactions impacting RNAP ternary complex progression.
To investigate the role of DNA sequence and regulatory factors in RNAP movement.
To provide molecular-level insights into gene expression regulation and its link to cancer.

Main Methods:

Analysis of RNAP ternary complex structure and dynamics.
Investigation of intrinsic (nucleic acid sequence, RNAP) and extrinsic (protein factors) regulatory mechanisms.
Testing predictions of new models for RNAP translocation along DNA.

Main Results:

New models explain unusual RNAP biochemical reactions and predict non-dissociative movement.
RNAP movement can be discontinuous or 'inchworm-like', confirmed by experimental data.
DNA sequence can dictate whether RNAP moves discontinuously or monotonically, especially when encountering elongation blocks.

Conclusions:

RNAP translocation is more complex than previously thought, involving regulated discontinuous movement.
Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into gene expression regulation and diseases like cancer.
The findings pave the way for molecular-level understanding of significant biological regulatory systems.