Saccadic suppression of displacement: separate influences of saccade size and of target retinal eccentricity

The threshold for detection of displacements of visual objects is higher during voluntary saccades than it is during steady gaze ("saccadic suppression of displacement"; SSD). Relative contributions to SSD of extraretinal and retinal factors were investigated by measuring displacement thresholds in four experiments in which three observers judged whether a test flash, presented after a saccade or a period of fixation, was located to the left or right of a reference point viewed earlier. The experiments, involving saccades ranging from 4 to 12 deg in length, separated the effects of saccade size from the effects of retinal eccentricity of the reference point, and also separated the effects of retinal eccentricity of the test flash from both. The influences of the three are nearly linearly independent. Approximately 20% of the total influence on SSD derives from retinal influences of test flash and reference point; 80% is due to extraretinal influence associated with saccade size. A signal/noise model that accounted well for our previous on SSD (Li & Matin, 1990a,b) was extended to account for the present results. The model also provides a unified treatment of SSD and of the saccadic suppression of visibility (SSV).