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Endoscopy of the middle ear structures

T S Karhuketo1, H J Puhakka, P J Laippala

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.

Summary

3-degree and 90-degree endoscopes effectively visualize middle ear cleft anatomy. A 0-degree endoscope offered no benefit, and some structures like the malleus head were challenging to view.

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