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Nickel release from stainless steels

P Haudrechy1, B Mantout, A Frappaz

  • 1Ugine Research Centre, France.

Contact Dermatitis
|October 23, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Low-sulfur stainless steels (S ≤ 0.03%) are safe for individuals with nickel allergy, releasing minimal nickel. High-sulfur stainless steels (S > 0.1%) should be avoided due to increased nickel release and potential allergic reactions.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Dermatology
  • Biocompatibility

Background:

  • Nickel allergy is a common contact dermatitis trigger.
  • Previous studies indicated low-sulfur stainless steels (AISI 304, 316L, 430) release minimal nickel, unlike high-sulfur grades (AISI 303) or nickel-plated metals.
  • The safety of intermediate sulfur content stainless steels for nickel-sensitized individuals remained unaddressed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate nickel release and allergenic potential of stainless steels with intermediate sulfur content (around 0.03%).
  • To compare the corrosion resistance and nickel release of various stainless steel grades.
  • To determine the clinical relevance of sulfur content in stainless steels for nickel contact dermatitis.

Main Methods:

  • Leaching experiments using acid artificial sweat to quantify nickel release.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) and nitric acid (HNO3) spot tests to assess metal reactivity.
  • Clinical patch testing on nickel-sensitized patients to evaluate allergic reactions.

    • Main Results:

    • Non-resulfurized stainless steels (S ≤ 0.03%) released <0.5 µg/cm²/week of nickel, while resulfurized AISI 303 released ≥0.5 µg/cm²/week.
    • DMG test showed no sensitivity, failing to differentiate steel grades.
    • HNO3 spot test distinguished high-sulfur from low-sulfur grades; patch tests confirmed intolerance to AISI 303 (4%) but not to other grades.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-resulfurized stainless steels (e.g., AISI 304, 304L) with sulfur content ≤0.03% do not elicit nickel contact dermatitis.
    • Resulfurized stainless steels (S > 0.1%, e.g., AISI 303) should be avoided by nickel-sensitized individuals due to higher nickel release and potential reactions.
    • Sulfur content is a critical factor determining the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of stainless steels concerning nickel allergy.