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Related Experiment Videos

Quantification and reduction of ghosting artifacts in interleaved echo-planar imaging

S B Reeder1, E Atalar, B D Bolster

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|October 27, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Ghosting artifacts in echo-planar imaging (EPI) can be minimized by analyzing phase and timing errors using reference scans. This mathematical approach improves image quality for functional MRI (fMRI) and other sensitive applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Interleaved echo-planar imaging (EPI) is prone to ghosting artifacts.
  • These artifacts stem from k-space discontinuities and system timing delays.
  • Current methods use reference scans for postprocessing correction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To mathematically analyze ghosting artifacts in interleaved EPI.
  • To establish criteria for reducing ghosting to acceptable levels.
  • To evaluate the impact of estimation errors on artifact reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model for ghosting artifacts in EPI.
  • Defined criteria for ghosting reduction based on artifact expressions.
  • Assessed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements for reference scan estimations.

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Main Results:

  • Ghosting artifacts can be significantly reduced using appropriate reference scan estimation.
  • Established criteria for minimizing phase and amplitude discontinuities.
  • Quantified the effect of estimation error on artifact reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Mathematical analysis provides a framework for understanding and mitigating EPI ghosting.
  • Effective postprocessing using reference scans is crucial for high-quality fMRI.
  • This work has implications for sensitive imaging applications requiring minimal artifacts.