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Updated: Jul 27, 2026
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Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
Published on: September 26, 2011
[A case of primary HIV-1 infection]
H Sugiyama1, K Kawamata, J Katoh
1Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine.
Summary
A young man presented with symptoms mimicking other illnesses, but was diagnosed with primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Early diagnosis is crucial as HIV cases rise in Japan.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Virology
- Immunology
Background:
- Primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a critical phase characterized by high viral load and potential for rapid disease progression.
- Recognizing the diverse clinical presentations of primary HIV infection is essential for timely diagnosis and intervention.
- The incidence of HIV in Japan has been increasing, necessitating heightened clinical awareness.
Observation:
- A previously healthy 28-year-old Japanese man presented with a genital ulcer, fever, arthralgia, sore throat, and oral aphthae.
- Initial laboratory findings revealed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
- Clinical symptoms and bicytopenia resolved within 12 days of admission.
Findings:
- Serum HIV-1 antibody testing was initially negative but seroconverted three months later.
- Stored serum samples tested positive for HIV-1 p24 antigen and HIV-1 RNA.
- The patient was diagnosed with primary HIV-1 infection based on clinical presentation and laboratory evidence.
Implications:
- This case highlights the importance of considering primary HIV infection in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile illnesses, especially in individuals with risk factors.
- Delayed diagnosis of primary HIV infection can impede timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy, potentially impacting long-term outcomes.
- Increased awareness and diagnostic vigilance for primary HIV infection are necessary in regions with rising incidence, such as Japan.
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