Time-frequency analysis of heart murmurs. Part I: Parametric modelling and numerical simulations

The object of this study is to compare the performance of two new bilinear time-frequency representation techniques with the spectrogram to characterise the behaviour of heart murmurs produced by bioprosthetic heart valves implanted in the mitral or aortic position. The murmurs are those of mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, a diastolic musical murmur and a systolic musical murmur. In the first part of the study, the general characteristics of the amplitude and the spectral content of these murmurs are determined by visual observation of the spectrogram of phonocardiograms obtained from several patients with known valvular pathology complemented with a literature review. A parametric model is then generated for each murmur signal. Stenotic and regurgitant murmurs are modelled as the sequential output of a bank of low-pass filters excited by a white noise input signal. The basic parameters of each filter are selected to simulate, as a function of time, the basic characteristics of random heart murmurs. Musical murmurs are modelled as a frequency-modulated deterministic sinusoid of constant amplitude. Numerical simulations of these random and musical heart murmurs are then generated and will be used in Part II to determine the best of three time-frequency representation techniques for analysing heart murmur signals.