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Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte

J M May1

  • 1Department of Medicin, 736 Medical Research Building II, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6303, USA. james.may@ mcmail.vanderbilt.edu

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|January 7, 1998
PubMed
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells) regenerate vitamin C (ascorbic acid) from its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). This process helps protect against lipid peroxidation and preserves vitamin E in lipoproteins.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a key plasma antioxidant, protecting against free radicals and preserving alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).
  • Erythrocytes, the most abundant blood cells, play a role in maintaining plasma ascorbate levels.
  • Unlike nucleated cells, erythrocytes maintain ascorbate concentrations similar to plasma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of erythrocytes in maintaining vitamin C levels and its antioxidant functions.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which erythrocytes regenerate dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) to ascorbate.
  • To understand how erythrocyte-mediated vitamin C recycling contributes to preventing lipid peroxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the uptake of DHA by erythrocytes via the GLUT1 transporter.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Investigated the intracellular reduction of DHA to ascorbate using glutathione (GSH) and enzyme-dependent pathways (glutaredoxin, thioredoxin reductase).
  • Examined the release of ascorbate from erythrocytes and its effect on plasma vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol in lipoproteins.

    • Main Results:

    • Erythrocytes efficiently regenerate ascorbate from DHA, utilizing the GLUT1 transporter for uptake.
    • Intracellular reduction of DHA to ascorbate occurs rapidly via GSH, with contributions from glutaredoxin and thioredoxin reductase.
    • Slow ascorbate release from erythrocytes helps maintain plasma vitamin C and protects alpha-tocopherol in low-density lipoprotein.

    Conclusions:

    • Erythrocytes possess a high capacity to regenerate vitamin C, contributing significantly to its plasma levels.
    • The erythrocyte's ability to recycle ascorbate and protect alpha-tocopherol offers a crucial mechanism against lipid peroxidative damage in vascular inflammation.
    • This erythrocyte function is particularly relevant in conditions like atherosclerosis, where oxidative stress is prevalent.