Abdominal tuberculosis: a presumptive diagnosis

Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) is common. But the diagnosis of abdominal TB is fraught with difficulties as it is often not possible to get a microbiological confirmation of the infection. We therefore undertook this study to highlight those pertinent clinical and laboratory features which would enable one to make a provisional diagnosis of abdominal TB early, to pave way for a trial of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.

This is a retrospective study of 12 patients treated for abdominal TB in our department over a period of 2 years.

Seven of the patients suffered from chronic diarrhoea for periods ranging from 4 weeks to 12 months. Four patients had progressive abdominal distension (ascites). The last patient came in with multiple abdominal swellings. Seven patients had clinical and biochemical features of malabsorption. Another 9 patients also had persistent pyrexia. The ascitic fluid was exudative in the 4 patients mentioned earlier. A definitive diagnosis could not be established in any of these patients. The diagnosis of abdominal TB was thus one of exclusion in these patients who showed prompt response to anti-tuberculosis therapy.

Our study justifies a trial of anti-TB chemotherapy in TB endemic areas in the following clinical situations: (a) patients with chronic diarrhoea of unknown aetiology and (b) patients with exudative ascitic fluid, after all other possible causes, have been excluded. A prompt response to anti-TB therapy should be accepted as sufficient ground for the diagnosis of abdominal TB even when histopathological or microbiological confirmation of the disease is not possible. Our study reflects the experience of other workers from Third World countries.